Best Economic Rotation of Various Farm Grown Tree Species

Best Economic Rotation of Various Farm Grown Tree Species TITLE: DETERMINING THE BEST ECONOMIC ROTATION OF VARIOUS FARM GROWN TREE SPECIES. Abstract The innovative knowledge relating to the excellent economic rotation of Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham), Acacia nilotica (kikar) and Albizzia lebbeck (Shareen) grown in the farmlands of Pakistan, is still inediquate and erratic. It should be calculated on tehsil level as the growing rate of trees differ from area to area controlled by climate. According to this requirement, the present study has been planned. Tehsil Kot Addu of District Muzaffargarh will be choosen for this study. 5 villages of Tehsil Kot Addu will be selected randomly. From selected villages five fields having an area of five acre will be selected through random selection technique. Common type trees growing there will be assigned successive numbers. Tree height diameter at breast height (DBH) will be measured. The price of every standing tree will find out from the land owner. The data will be arranged in tabular form, organized and discounted at appropriate discount rate. Return on investment (R.O.I), Benefit cost rat io (B.C.R) and Net present worth (N.P.W) will be used as economic tools. Various rotations of trees will be checked to discover the economic rotation of each tree species. V. INTRODUCTION Forest plants supply basic necessities of life (food, fiber shelter) to a great size of people. The population of the world is increasing day by day and is predicted to be about 10 billion in the mid of 21st century. As a result, wood and wood products demand will also increase manifolds (UNO, 1995). In Pakistan there is deficiency of about 29 million cubic meters of timber. The rate of deforestation is increasing continuously at a rate of 2.5% annually. Population increase rate is 1.90% per annum, if the same situation continues, urban population will be doubled in the next 20 years and will surly lead to more deforestation for making way for humanity (Government of Pakistan, 2005). It has been narrated that eighty to ninety percent of rural need of home fuel demands are fulfilled by fire wood, in the primitive countries. Forests have a huge importance in Pakistan’s economy by supplying timber, fire wood and shelter for animals (Nouman et al., 2006). It has been narrated that, total houses of Pakistan in 2006 were 22.8 million, from which Punjab has 54.85% (12. 280 million houses). Out of the total houses (22.38 Million) just 20% (4.476 million) units had been provided natural gas while 80% (17.904 million) were depending on the other energy resources as fuel wood, dried animals dung, residues of crop, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), kerosene oil and charcoal (partial burnt wood) etc (Government of Pakistan, 2009). Nearly 32% energy demand is met by the wood biomass (FAO, 2009). As stated by Energy-Pakistan (2011) all the energy extracted from the informal energy means like mechanized waste, charcoal , residues of crops , cow dung, metropolitan waste and fire wood was 28Ãâ€"106 ton in 2008, from which 26.5Ãâ€"105 ton (95%) was acquired from fuel wood. This alarming situation had highlighted by (Government of Pakistan, 2005) which proposed that our forest resources will be destroyed in next 15 years due to huge deforestation for fuel wood and timber. Pakistan is at the 110th country in the world by his forest resources as announced in 2011 by United Nations General Assembly (Chaudhry, 2011). The world’s forest cover is about 30% whereas Pakistan has only 4.8% (4.2 million hectares) out of 88 million hectares (Anonymous, 2005). On the other hand, it is only 2% as stated by (FAO, 2011). Thus, Pakistan has the scant quality forest resources along with minimum ratio as compared to the world (Mcketta, 1990). Pakistan has 0.001ha per capita forest resources while in the world it is devoted 1.00 ha per capita (FAO, 2011) including small contribution of forest sector to our economy. Cultivation of trees with agricultural crops is an old method of obtaining various benefits from the same piece of land. Kalinganire et al., 2008) stated that Farm forestry is a beneficial combination of trees or woody plants with agricultural crops at the same land piece either in a chronological or longitudinal arrangement in such a way that both cost-effective and biological collaboration occurs between them. In Pakistan about 60% of timber and 90% of total fuel wood needs are acquired by the tree plants grown on farmlands. (Rahim and Hasnain, 2010). Land owners grow tree plants on their farms and they harvest them without any proper/optimum rotation. This may cause economic loss because inflation and market price strongly affects the farmer’s economic benefits. The present research has been planned to determine the optimum economic rotation of various farm grown tree species. It may lead the farmers to maximum benefit. All this needs to carry out at the gross root level (D istrict Tehsil level) because the tree growth rate strongly differs from place to place. Present research is lacking in literature. There is no any information available in the literature related to the best economic rotation of different farm grown tree species in Pakistan, Punjab at tehsil level. So, this study was planned with these two objectives. To find out the best economic rotation of various farm grown tree species in Kot Addu. To determine the level of profitability of farmers/ tree growers in Kot Addu. VIREVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Farm forestry has numerous benefits so farmers raise various woody plants along with agricultural crops for obtaining shelter for animals, fire wood and timber. Trees also beneficial as bio remedial measures for the control of pollution and erosion (Zubair and Garforth, 2005). Farmers prefer Acacia nilotica because it is a fast growing species and easily propagated. Similarly, Dalbergia sissoo and Albizia lebbeck are very important for production of fuel wood and timber. Naturally grown trees make haphazard landscape in farms but genius farmers adjust the tree plants on suitable place like boundaries of fields. In addition, Acacia nilotica render the economic benefits at the age of 10-15 years to the farmers. Timber merchants confer in order to reach an agreement with the farmer regarding to the price of fuel wood and timber wood. Nouman et al., 2006) reported that Daphar irrigated plantations were running in the profit with a benefit cost ratio of 1.29. High mortality rate of tree plants lead to less income in first 10 years. But next twenty years lead to greater income due to greater number of tree plants. In the study, the rotation of Dalbergia sissoo was 20 year (Azharet al., 2011). In 3 Tehsils of District Faisalabad viz; Samundari, Jaranwala, Faisalabad linear and compact plantations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were evaluated. Economic benefits of those 3 plantations were considered. For Eucalyptus camaldulensis linear and block plantations of Short rotations (5-6 years) were most profitable (Majid, 1995). Friday et al., 2000) determined the net present worth of 50 acres teak (Tectonagrandis) plantation. He determined that 35 years rotation was more profitable than 40 or more years rotation. Posavec et al., 2004) determined the best economic rotation in Croatia for even aged tree stand. The net present value of 20 years and 150 years of trees was calculated. He stated that 20-130 years stand was continuously increasing because the mean annual increment for the stand was increased. But the net value for the age of 130-150 decreased because of decrease in mean annual increment of the stand for the same period. Tanvir et al., 2002) stated that in different zones of Central Punjab Eucalyptus camaldulensis gained maximum volume /mean annual increment in 8th year of its growth. Although Maximum increase in volume was in 7th year. But the worth of tree don’t rise in the ratio to the volume/year. Although the price per tree gradually increased with increase in volume per year but price per cubic foot decreased continuously after 8th year .Therefore, his suggestion is to harvest the tree plants during early age (within 7 year) in order to get maximum income. Economic evaluation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation was carried out. It was determined that the plantations established for the betterment of soil provide more socio economic and environmental values at the age of 11 years. If the plantation is harvested after the economic age then it will surly lead the farmers to economic loss. On the other hand, Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation grown for the purpose of pulp wood production achieved the maximum growth at 5-8 years of age. At this age, there is maximum net present worth and mean annual increment of the plantation. After this economic age, there is a decrease in mean annual increment, so, the owner of the plantation is directed to the economic loss (Niskanen, 1997). Chaudhry et al., 2003) determined the comparative growth of Poplar under pure stand and agroforestry system. He reported that rotation of Poplar in intercropping agroforestry system was more economic at 4th and 6th years of age as compared to the pure Populus deltoids stand. It was further reported that 8 year rotation age of Poplar was uneconomical for both systems of plantations.

Disc Brake System: How Does It Work Essay

Brake system is a device that creates frictions to slow down and eventually to stop the movement of an object. There are a few different types of brakes; however, they are all built on the same principle of friction. In automotive, the most common type of brake today is the disc brake because it provides higher efficiency and more safety to users. Disc brake consists of brake fluid, a piston, a caliper, brake pads, a rotor, and a hub. The following is a basic description of a disc brake’s mechanism. 1.When the brake pedal is pressed, the brake fluid is forced to enter the caliper cylinder where the piston is sitting in. In turn, that fluid pushes the piston, which is attached with a brake pad on the other end, toward the rotor. 2.Once the brake pad is in contact with the rotor, the caliper contracts to bring the other brake pad to contact with the other side of the rotor as well. The pushing of both brake pads against the rotor generates a friction force that will slow the rotation of the rotor and eventually bring it to a stop. 3. Because the wheel attaches to the hub and the hub attaches to the rotor, thus, when the rotor is slowed down, the wheel is also slowed down. 4.Meanwhile, the friction between the tire and the surface of the road also acts to slow the rotation of the wheel. Disc brake can generate a significant amount of friction. This is why its main applications usually involve movement with great velocity such as cars and aircraft. Because disc brake does require more maintenance than other simpler brake and because brake is directly related to your safety when driving, it is recommended to have your brakes checked regularly by a licensed brake technician/specialist.

Criminal Behavior And The Lack Of Education - 1367 Words

Criminal behavior is something that affects everyone, even if you don’t particularly engage in the act itself. Every time a crime is committed, we often find ourselves wondering what led that person to do that crime. We wonder why they did it because it is something that we could never do, so therefor we cannot fathom the act of engaging in criminal activity. Some people feel that people only engage in it just because they lack the thing that they try to steal or because of their specific background and race. In actuality, there is a link between criminal behavior and the lack of education. However there is also a link between the attainment of education and criminal behavior. There are several ways that theories suggest the affect that education can have on decisions that a criminal may make beforehand. According to chapter seven (Conformity, Deviance, and Crime) of the textbook Introduction to Sociology, functionalist theories along with Emile Durkheim and his concept of a n anomie, which is a situation where social norms loose their hold over individual behavior gives us insight into the struggle between education and criminal behavior. â€Å"Functionalist theories see crime and deviance resulting from structural tensions and a lack of moral regulation.† (Page 172) Students dropping out of school and coming from difficult backgrounds is seen as a norm within society. Due to their being a failure to try and alter these things, students seek comfort elsewhere. As a result,Show MoreRelatedThe Correlation Between Acquired Education, Environment And Crime770 Words   |  4 Pagesnumber of people are concerned about which factor mainly decides people’s criminal act, due to people still living in the environment of higher crime rates. According to the report of UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), a global average intentional homicide rate up to 6.2 per 100,000 population in 2012. While some scientists believe that individualsâ⠂¬â„¢ criminal behaviour can be cultivated and developed through education and environment, others argue that this negative behaviour patterns areRead MoreCriminal Behavior In Children751 Words   |  4 Pagesto determine criminal behavior in children based on personal characteristics, demographic factors, generational factors, and/or abuse problems. The use of a neural network could be used in an effort to make these predictions with science and technology. A neural network is a type of artificial intelligence system used to make predictions based on a wide variety of information and patterns (Haag, S., Cummings, M. 2013). The ability to be able to predict potential criminal behavior in childrenRead MoreCriminal Behavior And The Criminal Behaviour1711 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal behavior has four general parameters; the act is prohibited by law and punished by state, the act violates a moral and religious code and is considered punishable by a supreme spiritual being, the a ct violates norms of society or tradition and is punishable by a community, and the act causes serious psychological stress or mental damage to the victim (Gifis, 2003). For the purposes of this paper three case scenarios have been selected, a family violence homicide, a child murderer, and aRead MoreSocial Structure And Social Processes Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesSOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL PROCESS 5 Environmental influences, socialization, and traditional and accepted patterns of behavior are all used by social structuralists to portray the criminal as a product of his or social environment (Siegel, 2000). 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SETA is essential in having an effective information security program in an organization by helping to reduce the loss of information and intellectual assets, improve the organizations employee behavior, let employees know where to report negligence or infractions of policies, and hold employees accountable for any action that violates security procedures or policies. Smaller organizations have taken other approaches for information security byRead MoreDigital Crime Theory And The Psychoanalytic Theory1017 Words   |  5 Pagesperform daily activities. (Hafner, K. et.al., 1995). The haste to clasp this new technology has led to unveiling of a new line of criminals and criminal activities, commonly referred as hackers and hacking respectively. For us to understand the criminal behavior of cyber criminals, it’s critical to examine the traditional psychological theories of the criminal behavior and their application to generate a breakthrough to understand hacking. The two primary cybercrime theories are the learning theoryRead MoreCrime Prevention1330 Words   |  6 Pagesis the attempt to deter crime and reduce the victimization of our community resulting in a sense of safety in today’s society. According to the Crime Prevention Coalition the formal definition of crime prevention is â€Å"a pattern of attitudes and behaviors directed both at reducing the threat of crime and enhancing the sense of safety and security to positively influence the quality of life in our society and to help develop environments where crime cannot flourish† (NCJRS.GOV). According to WorrallRead MorePrison Is The Most Common Form Of Criminal Punishment1289 Words   |  6 Pagesalso, these facilities are used to separate them from society. Prisons propose education and health care to their inmates, but also offer danger to them. Prisons are a serious place with a variety of ethics. 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Immanuel Kant - 836 Words

48164100 A University’s Duty to the Protection of Free Speech During the fall semester of 2016, posters promoting white supremacist views were posted around campus at the University of Michigan. These posters were a part of a larger trend on campus of public displays of offensive language directed at members of campus minorities, including anti-Islamic and anti-Semitist attitudes. The University President publicly condemned these displays and stated that they were viewed as an â€Å"attack on all of us who value constructive dialogue and a welcoming university environment.† However, the University also announced they would treat the displays as instances of free speech covered by the fundamental rights of freedom of expression and therefore†¦show more content†¦The Veil consists of members not knowing the â€Å"essential features† of their situation once they were to enter the society, for example their class position, social status, fortune, intelligence, streng th, etc. Under the principle deemed â€Å"maximin,† Rawls addresses one of the comparisons between his theory and that of the utilitarian. Utilitarians believe in the principle of maximum average utility, in which society should be set up in order to create the highest level of utility averaged among all citizens. PROMOTION OF THE LEAST ADVANTAGED MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. Applying Rawls to the case at the University, it becomes clear why the University must allow for the freedom of speech. In the Original Position, persons would not know which political and social views they may obtain, nor whether or not at the time they enter the society whether or not the expression of their ideas would be what is the â€Å"norm.† In a position of justice, persons in the Position will choose the features of the society in which self-expression is allowed and should not be squandered upon the As the tides of politics may ebb and flow, shifting what opinions are frowned upon, the Original Position must remain independent of the society. Some problems arise when accounting the University as an entity rather than an individual. Rawls emphasizes the importance of the party in theShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant And The Kant Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pages Immanuel Kant Lying Chiyane Peterson MCCC Ethics MW 1:30pm Parviz Dehghani Lying the one form of communication that is the untruth expressed to be the truth. Immanuel Kant states that lying is morally wrong in all possible ways. His hatred for lying has made him â€Å"just assumed that anyone who lied would be operating with a maxim like this: tell a lie so as to gain some benefit.†(Landau,pp.171) This is true for a vast number of people, they will lie in orderRead MoreImmanuel Kant887 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western philosophy. He was a professor of philosophy at Konigsberg, in Prussia, researching, lecturing and writing on philosophy during and at the end of the 18th Century Enlightenment. His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on almost every philosophical movement that followed him. This essay will attempt to explain what Kant means by Maxim and UniversalRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagesin different societies. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there are two which are usually compared to one another, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. Immanuel Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), which containsRead MoreImmanuel Kant Paper1883 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Immanuel Kant HUM 400 12 Jun 2010 Kant s Good Will Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is one of the most influential philosophers in history of Western philosophy. A main representative of the Western-European classical philosophy, Immanuel Kant dealt with the best traditions of the German idealism. A human personality, according to Kant is the highest and absolute value. It is the personality, in Kant’s understanding, that towers the person over its own self and links the human beingRead MoreThe Aristotle And Immanuel Kant1655 Words   |  7 Pages The philosophers Aristotle and Immanuel Kant express the sources of virtuous and dutiful actions in a similar, yet different way. Both philosophers agree that an action has moral worth, when it is preformed for its own sake. However, the difference contains a more significant meaning. Aristotle believes that pleasure can be included when preforming an action; while Kant believes that a duty is preforming the right action without the need of inclinations. In this paper, I will present a similarityRead MoreThe Philosohpy of Immanuel Kant1191 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant is referred to as the â€Å"father† of deontological ethics, which is also colloquially referred to as Kantianism, which provides a sophisticated explication of deontology. His philosophy embodies capitulating to one’s maxim, which he beliefs that to be good, however, only if one’s motives are unconditional and irrespective to external reason. 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Biography of Sylvia Plath - 1452 Words

Critical Analysis Sylvia Plath, a great American author, focuses mostly on actual experiences. Plath’s poetry displays feelings and emotions. Plath had the ability to transform everyday happenings into poems or diary entries. Plath had a passion for poetry and her work was valued. She was inspired by novelists and her own skills. Her poetry was also very important to readers and critics. Sylvia Plath’s work shows change throughout her lifetime, relates to feelings and emotions, and focuses on day to day experiences. Plath’s difficulties with narrative prose contrasts between her novelistic dreams and her character. Plath’s passion for classic novelists and her own talent made her realize the fitting narrative prose were densely†¦show more content†¦Sylvia Plath had the ability to get emotional responses through her word-pictures and poems. Plath was also able to create a picture from her trip to Spain, tied up ships, or even a beautiful beach set ting (Magill 2225). Spring of 1959, Plath randomly wrote â€Å"Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dream,† a first-person short story that is written in a voice that resembles terror (Hughes 1). Plath later work shows the strong dissatisfaction of her dreams. Plath dreamt of discovering cheerfulness through work, marriage, and family, which was a disappointment, caused by a miscarriage and appendectomy, her divorce, and mood swings. Plath felt defenseless to men and apocalyptic to natural forces, mainly death (Draper 2734). Plath’s post-obituary writings imitate the persisting importance in her work. Three Women: A Monologue for Three Voices (1968), originally published on British Radio in 1962, discusses pregnancy of three women (Draper 2735). Plath was inspired to write â€Å"The Jailer† which was about her husband who drugged then raped her. Plath eventually became â€Å"The Lever of His Wet Dreams.† The exact prodigy occurs in most of her confessional poems , mainly in â€Å"Daddy† (Magill 2224). Plath’s tone changes throughout most of her poems (Magill 2228). In â€Å"Daddy,† Plath tells about herself being rebellious in her poems (Magill 2229). â€Å"No writer has meant more to the current feminist movement.† Kath Pollitt described this collection as â€Å"a storehouseShow MoreRelatedBiography of Sylvia Plath942 Words   |  4 Pagestwentieth century, Sylvia Plath was highly esteemed by fans and fellow writers alike. Sylvia Plath’s parents, Aurelia Schober and Otto Plath, had met when Aurelia became Otto’s student at Boston University. Otto was a biology professor with an infatuation with bees; he had even published a book titled Bumblebees and their ways. Otto and Aurelia married in January of 1932, and by October of the same year Aurelia gave birth in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts to a daughter, Sylvia. Sylvia spent her childhoodRead MoreA Biography on the Life of Sylvia Plath Essay528 Words   |  3 PagesSylvia Plath was born on October 27, 1932 in Boston, Massachusetts. Her parents were Otto and Aurelia Plath. Plaths father, Otto, immigrated to America from Germany when he was just sixteen years old. He wanted to study ministry at the Northwestern College, which was a small Lutheran school. According to his wife, Aurelia, Otto changed his ambitions because he didnt feel a true calling for the ministry. He received a master of the arts from Washington University, and the doctor of science fromRead MorePeople s Love At First Sight By Sylvia Plath1567 Words   |  7 Pages People dream of falling in love at first sight. Sylvia Plath, an American writer, experienced the desirable moment the first time she saw Ted Hughes, an English poet (Middlebrook). The romantic relationship between Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath grew instantly. They both shared a love of writing, but yet their rela tionship began to go downhill five years after their marriage (Popova). The marriage between Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath was destructive because of Sylvia’s unstable mental health and Ted’sRead MoreSylvia Plath s Life And Life1425 Words   |  6 Pagesor introspectively passive and sad or I can go mad by ricocheting in between.† (Goodreads, 2013) This is a quote from Sylvia Plath, a poet who faced many obstacles in her life including attempting suicide; getting divorced due to lies and infidelity; and leaving her children behind. Sylvia Plath was born on October 27, 1932 in Boston Massachusetts Plath’s father Otto Plath author of a book on bees. (The Famous People Website, 2013; About.com, 2013). Her father taught at Boston University, whereRead MoreSylvia Plath s Life And Accomplishments974 Words   |  4 PagesSylvia Plath’s work is marked with her trademark style, one full of enigmatic analogies and ambiguous metaphors. Sadly though, the life of Sylvia Plath was indeed shorter than anyone expected. Nevertheless, in the thirty years Plath meandered through the world, she left an everlasting impact. Remembered as one of the most dynamic and admired poets of the twentieth century, Plath cultivated a literary community unlike any predecessor. Additionally, since a sizable portion of Plath’s work was readRead MoreSylvia Plath’s Life1219 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth Winder’s Pain, Parties, Work: Sylvia Plath in New York, Summer 1953 illuminates different aspects of Sylvia Plath’s life. However, Winder depicts Plath not as the mythologized martyr of a collapsed marriage or the tragic woman poet with a debilitating illness but rather as a young girl wanting to immerse herself in the rich, material culture of her time. Winder’s biography gives insight to the life of an intelligent young woman amidst the gender constraints of mid-century America, a themeRead MoreThe Collection Biographical Connections By Sylvia Plath1422 Words   |  6 PagesConnections 1. Sylvia Plath worked as a guest editor during the summer of 1953 in New York for the magazine Mademoiselle. Shortly after her stint as a guest editor, she attempted suicide by taking sleeping pills (Sylvia Plath Biography†). 2. Plath recovered after she received treatment at a mental health facility (Sylvia Plath Biography†). 3. Sylvia Plath and poet Ted Hughes married in 1956. They later divorced in 1962 when Hughes left Plath for another woman (Sylvia Plath Biography†). 4. FollowingRead MoreSylvia Plath836 Words   |  4 Pages Sylvia Plath is said to be one the most prodigious, yet interesting, confessional poets of her time. She was an extremely vital poet of the post-World War II time period and expressed her feelings towards her father and husband through her poetry. Plath’s mental illness had a dramatic influence upon her work in which she demonstrated the hatred she had for her father specifically. The poem â€Å"Daddy† is an easily applicable example. Within this piece of work, Plath uses direct references to howRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Daddy `` By Sylvia Plath1210 Words   |  5 PagesSylvia Plath had turbulent and unstable life leading up to her suicide. Her father died when she was very young, although he held considerable weight in her poetry. Sylvia even dedicated an entire poem, titled â€Å"Daddy†, to her thoughts and feelings about her deceased father. Ted Hughes, her husband, also proved to be a large influe nce in much of her work, and also helped shape her ideas of feminism and motherhood. He was also referenced in the poem â€Å"Daddy†, along with many other poems. DepressionRead MoreThe Poetry Of An Author962 Words   |  4 Pageseven the way they were ordered poems. In the case that concerns us Sylvia Plath I could not shake that biographism; What s more, thanks to him I met the poetry of this woman who, otherwise, would never have aroused my curiosity. So, biographical circumstance for some critics is almost like a curse. It has been the key element that led me to the poetry of this woman. My first approach to Sylvia Plath came after seeing the film Sylvia (a biopic, to increase my biographer fault) starring Gwyneth Paltrow

Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing Armon Copeland Chamberlain Free Essays

Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing Armon Copeland Chamberlain College of Nursing 351: Transitions to Professional Nursing Spring Term 2011 Introduction Leadership in the 21st century has been redefined. As leaders we provide the voucher and guidance to begin the journey, while the managers are the ones who drive the team to the destination. Leadership is something you know when you see it, but is very challenging to describe. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing Armon Copeland Chamberlain or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leadership development in the nursing profession is important because it directly impacts the care that is delivered to patients. It is critical that the entire senior leadership have the self-same vision or mental image of what the organization intends to aim for as structure, management and organization in terms of changes for a solid foundation. Leadership Leadership is a blend of personal characteristics, abilities, strategies, and circumstances that enable a leader to influence individuals and organizations to accomplish a goal. Although there is no single formula for becoming a successful leader, some common elements include self- confidence, courage, a clear vision of the goal and how to reach it, the ability to clearly communicate the goal as well as strong personal commitment, and the ability to inspire trust and respect among followers. Leadership differs from management in that leadership is a combination of personal qualities and abilities whereas management is a process. Leaders are more likely to be effective when they use the management process to achieve goals. Managers are more effective when their actions demonstrate leadership qualities; thereby earning the respect and trust of those they manage (Hamilton, 1996). Styles of Leadership Transformational and Transactional leadership styles are two very different methods of leadership in the nursing profession. This paper will compare and contrast these two leadership styles and support that transformational leadership style encourages quality care, job fulfillment and improved patient outcomes. The traditional authoritarian style of leadership the top-down directive approach has largely been replaced with a more democratic and/or participative style, which involves such collaborative behaviors as consulting, discussing, cooperating, or negotiating. No one style is effective for all situations, however, so flexibility is important. For example, an authoritarian approach may be the most effective in dealing with acute situations when decisions must be made and implemented quickly. Rapid technological growth, increased diversity in the workforce, and growing complexity within organizations has led to changes in the way effective leadership is defined. Leadership researchers and theorists define good leadership as â€Å"future-oriented rather than present-oriented and as fostering followers’ commitment and ability to contribute creatively to organizations† (Eagly, 2007). Political scientist James McGregor Burns (1978) described this type of leadership as transformational leadership. Transformational leaders establish themselves as role models by gaining followers’ trust and confidence. They establish the organization’s goals, plan how to achieve the goals, and innovate. As Eagly (2007) explains, â€Å"Transformational leaders mentor and empower their subordinates and encourage them to develop their potential and thus to contribute more effectively to their organization. † Researchers also describe a more conservative type of leadership as transactional leadership, in which leaders establish exchange relationships with their frontline employees. After clarifying objectives and subordinates’ responsibilities, transactional leaders reward those who meet objectives and correct them when they fail to meet objectives. The word politics is a loaded term, heavy with images of shady characters in smoke-filled rooms, wheeling, dealing, and often stealing. But politics is really a neutral term. According to Policy and Politics for Nurses, â€Å"Politics means influencing, specifically, influences the allocation of scarce resources. Politics is a process by which one influences the decisions of others and exerts control over situations and events. It is a means to an end† (Mason et al. , 2002). Becoming influential is something that can be learned, and it has as much to do with attitude as with behavior. Both aspects are necessary (Sullivan, 2004). Becoming influential includes such skills as understanding power and how to use it, communicating effectively, understanding the political process, and dealing with difficult people and situations. Conclusion â€Å"Work hard, play by the rules, be nice, be polite, hold yourself accountable and you will get ahead. Our mothers were right, up to a point. Taking that advice, you do get ahead and your hard work is rewarded until you hit the glass ceiling. Or, as one physician called it, the â€Å"gauze ceiling. † Being the best at what you do is not enough to break through the gauze ceiling into positions of leadership. It’s not enough to have clinical skills; you need political skills as well. Leaders make a difference in their world by influencing others to support the leader’s vision or cause. To make a difference, you need political skills. Everything is political in the work environment, professional organization, community, and government. References Hamilton PM. (1996). Realities of Contemporary Nursing, 2nd ed. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley. Eagley AH. (2007). Female leadership advantage and disadvantage: Resolving the contradictions. Psychology of Women Quarterly 31:1–12. Mason DJ, Leavitt JK, Chaffee MW. (2002). Policy and Politics in Nursing and Healthcare, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. Sullivan EJ. (2004). Becoming Influential: A Guide for Nurses. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. How to cite Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing Armon Copeland Chamberlain, Essay examples

Information And Communication Technology In Education †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Information And Communication Technology In Education. Answer: Introduction This is known as the virtual age and Information and communication technology or ICT is the process by which individuals, organizations or government run in the virtual world. It is the system by which information is processed, analyzed and sorted so that the end user gets the information they are looking for (Martnez-Caro, Cegarra-Navarro and Cepeda-Carrin 2015). Communication is a process using medium to give or take information in order to express ideas, emotions, basic information etc. ICT is an amalgamation of audiovisual networks, applications or devices that helps individuals, governments or organizations to interact with one another (Morgado et al. 2014). The tools that are used in ICT are a dynamic and ever changing or upgrading itself. Starting from traditional transistors and radio to the progressive technologies like artificial intelligence and robotics. ICT is regularly used for the advancement of socio-economic development, interpersonal communication and also intrapersonal communication at times. ICT has now enabled an individual to be connected to the rest of the world with just a click (Clark and Mayer 2016). The advancement of technology and modern medium has drastically changed the life of everyone. Social media is the new calling of the millennial people lead their life on social media. As it is so impactful and so diverse in nature ICT should be used consciously by everyone. It is impossible to predict or to even realize the reach and the ultimate boundaries of information technology (en.unesco.org 2017). Literature Review According to Das and Das (2015), ICT has set a new paradigm and benchmark in the education system in the recent times. It has made the learning process less monotonous and more dynamic there is a plethora of medium that are available. There is a large shortage of trained and skilled teachers, thanks to ICT there are now provisions of online classes which facilitates whiteboard collaboration along with sharing the content with pupils across the world. It is of the new parameters of quality education that is taken into consideration by parents when they admit their child to an A league school or college. The present generation is growing up surrounded with information technology hence it is much easier for this generation to imbibe the e-learning technicalities. In compared to the traditional learning process ICT has enable teachers to engage children better and have given them a wider view of the subjects. It facilitates communicative learning process. Das and Das (2015) has discussed about blended learning and how growth of ICT in the education sector is going to elevate the procedure of distance learning program. In colleges and places of higher education ICT has a special role to play as it is enabling to remove the stigma associated to distance education, rather the technologies available is making it possible to teach various subjects and offer a lot more flexibility in the course curriculum. In the report they have also pointed out the difficulties that are being faced by the digitalization of classrooms. The biggest confrontation that has been observed is from the teachers as they tend to believe in the misconception that technology is going to replace teachers in the future. The authors call this a misconception because there is already a scarcity of skilled teachers around the world and the technology is only to help the teachers in the communication process. It is not a replacement but is only a helping hand. Rather it is the other way around where the technology is dependent on the teacher for the better understanding of the pupils. Another issue with the technology that is discussed is the lack of training among the teachers. Most teachers cannot use the technology at disposal to its full capability. Tough teachers from UK, US, Japan and Australia are comparatively more enthusiastic than other countries where the resources are available. E-learning plan Teaching is a profession that has been practiced from a long time. The student-teacher equation changes as the student grows up. In many cultural teachers are regarded above parents it is a profession to be respected and cultivated. Spreading knowledge requires skills, not everyone who is an expert in a subject has the ability to impart the knowledge. First of all it is important to understand that by learning people perceive the conventional classroom teaching. In order to cultivate the e-learning system what is important is a proper training for the teachers to enable them to use the facilities to its full capacity (Balta and Duran 2015). Dedicated time should be allotted to every teacher in the institution to learn the technicalities of using digital media to teach children. Based on the subject expertise of the teacher the training session should be held. Because teaching math is a lot different form teaching history even in the digital space (Cherner, Dix and Lee 2014). The idea of teachers being replaced by technology should be wiped out and the teachers should learn to use the technology at disposal to enhance their teaching abilities and make the student understand better. Some of the tools which can be used in the teaching medium are: Interactive whiteboard It is an expensive installation but one of the most widely used ICT components. It is a device more like a white board which can be attached to a laptop or a tablet. The elements can be moved and change places according to the need of the teacher, so that it is easy to explain it to the children. One of the most innovate feature of this board is that it can also work as the traditional black board where the teacher writes to explain (Mangano et al. 2014). Here the instructor can not only write but this text can be saved as a document. So after erasing the text from the board the information is not lost. This is very helpful, in case of young kids most of the time it is a problem that they cannot keep up with the pace of the teacher and miss out bits and pieces of the notes that the teacher is putting up on the board (Surjono 2014). After installing the board every teacher should receive a through training for at least 10 days to learn the optimum utility of the device. If it is used creatively it can prove useful, informative, fun and also interactive. This should training period should take place while there is a long vacation for the students, so that it doesnt hamper the curriculum of the students. It is also important to incorporate the e-learning method from a fresh academic session instead of implementing it mid-way. Students may get confused and may not behave positively (bbcactive.com 2017). Though this is an expensive installation, it can also be deemed as cost effective because a fully equipped IT classroom is way more expensive than a whiteboard. Audiovisual Audiovisual medium has grown in leaps and bounces with the advancement of technology. Technologies which are available to create audio or visual elements are also becoming less expensive and are widely used by common people. The availability of these audios or videos is also just a click away. If a lecture is accompanied by an audio or visual clip of the relevant subject then it is much easier for the student to grasp the concept and remember it. This is where the usage of the white board is also important. It is much more effective as it binds the knowledge that the lecturer is trying to impart (De-Marcos et al. 2014). Social Media Social media is a revolutionary invention of this century, people from all over the word with an internet connection is connected to one another with a string. This is a set up ideal for distance education and learning purposes. This is mostly advisable for higher education, for students who are willing to learn and put that extra effort. Google plus or Google hangout is a popular platform and is being widely used for educational purposes. Seminars are held and participants from around the world are welcome to join. A seminar can also include a guest lecturer from another part of the world to the platform without being physically present through Skype or any other such medium (Hirsh-Pasek et al. 2015). Google Classroom There are many free applications which can be used by students and educators for learning purposes but Google has come up with one exclusive application which is custom built for the purpose of teaching. It is effective and saves a lot of precious time of teachers and students it allows submission of paper less assignments and notes. Circulation of notes is also easy as it automatically programmed to create folders and slip in the notes through Google drive. It allows the student to work in an organized way and keep track of the curriculum and assignments that are due (nytimes.com 2017). Conclusion The difference between an animal and a human being is the presence of a conscious mind with which we have the ability to learn and adapt to the change and upgrade ourselves to live in a society. Knowledge is precious it empowers an individual to live a life of wellbeing. Hence teachers play an important role in the lives of every individual from a very young age. With the advancement of technology now there are several ways with which we can learn more easily. ICT like any other sphere of life has also changed the education system worldwide. Many argue that the traditional way is the most effective teaching method but it is this is a subjective behavior. It depends up on the circumstances, the subject and the person who is teaching along with many other circumstances. References Balta, N. and Duran, M., 2015. Attitudes of students and teachers towards the use of interactive whiteboards in elementary and secondary school classrooms.TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,14(2). bbcactive.com. 2017.Interactive Whiteboard. [online] Available at: https://www.bbcactive.com/BBCActiveIdeasandResources/Whatisaninteractivewhiteboard.aspx [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017]. Cherner, T., Dix, J. and Lee, C., 2014. Cleaning up that mess: A framework for classifying educational apps.Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education,14(2), pp.158-193. Clark, R.C. and Mayer, R.E., 2016.E-learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning. John Wiley Sons. De-Marcos, L., Domnguez, A., Saenz-de-Navarrete, J. and Pags, C., 2014. An empirical study comparing gamification and social networking on e-learning.Computers Education,75, pp.82-91. en.unesco.org. 2017.Education. [online] Available at: https://en.unesco.org/themes/ict-education [Accessed 26 Jul. 2017]. Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J.M., Golinkoff, R.M., Gray, J.H., Robb, M.B. and Kaufman, J., 2015. Putting education in educational apps: lessons from the science of learning.Psychological Science in the Public Interest,16(1), pp.3-34. Mangano, N., LaToza, T.D., Petre, M. and van der Hoek, A., 2014, April. Supporting informal design with interactive whiteboards. InProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 331-340). ACM. Martnez-Caro, E., Cegarra-Navarro, J.G. and Cepeda-Carrin, G., 2015. An application of the performance-evaluation model for e-learning quality in higher education.TotalQuality Management Business Excellence,26(5-6), pp.632-647. Morgado, E.M.M., Ortuo, R.A.C., Yang, L.L. and Ferreras-Fernndez, T., 2014. Adaptation of Descriptive Metadata for Managing Educational Resources in the GREDOS Repository.International Journal ofKnowledge Management (IJKM),10(4), pp.50-72. nytimes.com. 2017.How Google Took Over the Classroom. [online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/technology/google-education-chromebooks-schools.html [Accessed 27 Jul. 2017]. Surjono, H.D., 2014. The evaluation of a moodle based adaptive e-learning system.International Journal of Information and Education Technology,4(1), p.89.